SignalR WebSocket通讯机制_速读
2023-05-23 14:50:44
1、什么是SignalR
(相关资料图)
ASP.NET SignalR 是一个面向 ASP.NET 开发人员的库，可简化向应用程序添加实时 Web 功能的过程。 实时 Web 功能是让服务器代码在可用时立即将内容推送到连接的客户端，而不是让服务器等待客户端请求新数据。
SignalR使用的三种底层传输技术分别是Web Socket, Server Sent Events 和 Long Polling，它让你更好的关注业务问题而不是底层传输技术问题。
WebSocket是最好的最有效的传输方式, 如果浏览器或Web服务器不支持它的话(IE10之前不支持Web Socket), 就会降级使用SSE, 实在不行就用Long Polling。
(现在也很难找到不支持WebSocket的浏览器了，所以我们一般定义必须使用WebSocket)
2、我们做一个聊天室，实现一下SignalR前后端通讯
由简入深，先简单实现一下
2.1 服务端Net5
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;using System;using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace ServerSignalR.Models{ public class ChatRoomHub:Hub { public override Task OnConnectedAsync()//连接成功触发 { return base.OnConnectedAsync(); } public Task SendPublicMsg(string fromUserName,string msg)//给所有client发送消息 { string connId = this.Context.ConnectionId; string str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]{connId}\r\n{fromUserName}:{msg}"; return this.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg",str);//发送给ReceivePublicMsg方法,这个方法由SignalR机制自动创建 } }}Startup添加
static string _myAllowSpecificOrigins = "MyAllowSpecificOrigins"; public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddControllers(); services.AddSwaggerGen(c => { c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo { Title = "ServerSignalR", Version = "v1" }); }); services.AddSignalR(); services.AddCors(options => { options.AddPolicy(_myAllowSpecificOrigins, policy => { policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:4200") .AllowAnyHeader().AllowAnyMethod().AllowCredentials(); }); }); } // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline. public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); app.UseSwagger(); app.UseSwaggerUI(c => c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "ServerSignalR v1")); } app.UseCors(_myAllowSpecificOrigins); app.UseHttpsRedirection(); app.UseRouting(); app.UseAuthorization(); app.UseEndpoints(endpoints => { endpoints.MapControllers(); endpoints.MapHub("/Hubs/ChatRoomHub"); }); } 2.2 前端Angular
引入包
npm i --save @microsoft/signalr
ts：
import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core";import * as signalR from "@microsoft/signalr";import { CookieService } from "ngx-cookie-service";@Component({ selector: "app-home", templateUrl: "./home.component.html", styleUrls: ["./home.component.scss"]})export class HomeComponent implements OnInit { msg = ""; userName="kxy" public messages: string[] = []; public hubConnection: signalR.HubConnection; constructor( private cookie: CookieService ) {this.hubConnection=new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder() .withUrl("https://localhost:44313/Hubs/ChatRoomHub", { skipNegotiation:true,//跳过三个协议协商 transport:signalR.HttpTransportType.WebSockets,//定义使用WebSocket协议通讯 } ) .withAutomaticReconnect() .build(); this.hubConnection.on("ReceivePublicMsg",msg=>{ this.messages.push(msg); console.log(msg); }); } ngOnInit(): void { } JoinChatRoom(){ this.hubConnection.start() .catch(res=>{ this.messages.push("连接失败"); throw res; }).then(x=>{ this.messages.push("连接成功"); }); } SendMsg(){ if(!this.msg){ return; } this.hubConnection.invoke("SendPublicMsg", this.userName,this.msg); }}这样就简单实现了SignalR通讯！！！
有一点值得记录一下
问题：强制启用WebSocket协议，有时候发生错误会被屏蔽，只是提示找不到/连接不成功
解决：可以先不跳过协商，调试完成后再跳过
3、引入Jwt进行权限验证
安装Nuget包：Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer
Net5的，注意包版本选择5.x，有对应关系
Startup定义如下
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;using Microsoft.OpenApi.Models;using ServerSignalR.Models;using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Linq;using System.Threading.Tasks;using System.Text;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer;using Microsoft.IdentityModel.Tokens;using JwtHelperCore;namespace ServerSignalR{ public class Startup { public Startup(IConfiguration configuration) { Configuration = configuration; } public IConfiguration Configuration { get; } // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container. static string _myAllowSpecificOrigins = "MyAllowSpecificOrigins"; public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) { services.AddControllers(); services.AddSwaggerGen(c => { c.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo { Title = "ServerSignalR", Version = "v1" }); }); services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme) .AddJwtBearer(options => { options.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;//是否需要https options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters { ValidateIssuer = false,//是否验证Issuer ValidateAudience = false,//是否验证Audience ValidateLifetime = true,//是否验证失效时间 ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,//是否验证SecurityKey IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("VertivSecurityKey001")),//拿到SecurityKey }; options.Events = new JwtBearerEvents()//从url获取token { OnMessageReceived = context => { if (context.HttpContext.Request.Path.StartsWithSegments("/Hubs/ChatRoomHub"))//判断访问路径 { var accessToken = context.Request.Query["access_token"];//从请求路径获取token if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(accessToken)) context.Token = accessToken;//将token写入上下文给Jwt中间件验证 } return Task.CompletedTask; } }; } ); services.AddSignalR(); services.AddCors(options => { options.AddPolicy(_myAllowSpecificOrigins, policy => { policy.WithOrigins("http://localhost:4200") .AllowAnyHeader().AllowAnyMethod().AllowCredentials(); }); }); } // This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline. public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env) { if (env.IsDevelopment()) { app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); app.UseSwagger(); app.UseSwaggerUI(c => c.SwaggerEndpoint("/swagger/v1/swagger.json", "ServerSignalR v1")); } app.UseCors(_myAllowSpecificOrigins); app.UseHttpsRedirection(); app.UseRouting(); //Token 授权、认证 app.UseErrorHandling();//自定义的处理错误信息中间件 app.UseAuthentication();//判断是否登录成功 app.UseAuthorization();//判断是否有访问目标资源的权限 app.UseEndpoints(endpoints => { endpoints.MapHub("/Hubs/ChatRoomHub"); endpoints.MapControllers(); }); } }} 红色部分为主要关注代码！！！
因为WebSocket无法自定义header，token信息只能通过url传输，由后端获取并写入到上下文
认证特性使用方式和http请求一致：
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;using System;using System.Linq;using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace ServerSignalR.Models{ [Authorize]//jwt认证 public class ChatRoomHub:Hub { public override Task OnConnectedAsync()//连接成功触发 { return base.OnConnectedAsync(); } public Task SendPublicMsg(string msg)//给所有client发送消息 { var roles = this.Context.User.Claims.Where(x => x.Type.Contains("identity/claims/role")).Select(x => x.Value).ToList();//获取角色 var fromUserName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;//从token获取登录人，而不是传入(前端ts方法的传入参数也需要去掉) string connId = this.Context.ConnectionId; string str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]{connId}\r\n{fromUserName}:{msg}"; return this.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg",str);//发送给ReceivePublicMsg方法,这个方法由SignalR机制自动创建 } }}然后ts添加
constructor( private cookie: CookieService ) { var token = this.cookie.get("spm_token"); this.hubConnection=new signalR.HubConnectionBuilder() .withUrl("https://localhost:44313/Hubs/ChatRoomHub", { skipNegotiation:true,//跳过三个协议协商 transport:signalR.HttpTransportType.WebSockets,//定义使用WebSocket协议通讯 accessTokenFactory:()=> token.slice(7,token.length)//会自动添加Bearer头部,我这里已经有Bearer了,所以需要截掉 } ) .withAutomaticReconnect() .build(); this.hubConnection.on("ReceivePublicMsg",msg=>{ this.messages.push(msg); console.log(msg); }); }4、私聊
Hub
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;using Microsoft.AspNetCore.SignalR;using System;using System.Collections.Generic;using System.Threading.Tasks;namespace ServerSignalR.Models{ [Authorize]//jwt认证 public class ChatRoomHub:Hub { private static List _users = new List(); public override Task OnConnectedAsync()//连接成功触发 { var userName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;//从token获取登录人 _users.Add(new UserModel(userName, this.Context.ConnectionId)); return base.OnConnectedAsync(); } public override Task OnDisconnectedAsync(Exception exception) { var userName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name;//从token获取登录人 _users.RemoveRange(_users.FindIndex(x => x.UserName == userName), 1); return base.OnDisconnectedAsync(exception); } public Task SendPublicMsg(string msg)//给所有client发送消息 { var fromUserName = this.Context.User.Identity.Name; //var ss = this.Context.User!.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.Name)!.Value; string str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]\r\n{fromUserName}:{msg}"; return this.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg",str);//发送给ReceivePublicMsg方法,这个方法由SignalR机制自动创建 } public Task SendPrivateMsg(string destUserName, string msg) { var fromUser = _users.Find(x=>x.UserName== this.Context.User.Identity.Name); var toUser = _users.Find(x=>x.UserName==destUserName); string str = $""; if (toUser == null) { msg = $"用户{destUserName}不在线"; str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]\r\n系统提示:{msg}"; return this.Clients.Clients(fromUser.WebScoketConnId).SendAsync("ReceivePrivateMsg", str); } str = $"[{DateTime.Now}]\r\n{fromUser.UserName}-{destUserName}:{msg}"; return this.Clients.Clients(fromUser.WebScoketConnId,toUser.WebScoketConnId).SendAsync("ReceivePrivateMsg", str); } }} TS：
//加一个监听 this.hubConnection.on("ReceivePublicMsg", msg => { this.messages.push("公屏"+msg); console.log(msg); }); this.hubConnection.on("ReceivePrivateMsg",msg=>{ this.messages.push("私聊"+msg); console.log(msg); });//加一个发送 if (this.talkType == 1) this.hubConnection.invoke("SendPublicMsg", this.msg); if (this.talkType == 3){ console.log("11111111111111"); this.hubConnection.invoke("SendPrivateMsg",this.toUserName, this.msg); }5、在控制器中使用Hub上下文
Hub链接默认30s超时，正常情况下Hub只会进行通讯，而不再Hub里进行复杂业务运算
如果涉及复杂业务计算后发送通讯，可以将Hub上下文注入外部控制器，如
namespace ServerSignalR.Controllers{ //[Authorize] public class HomeController : Controller { private IHubContext _hubContext; public HomeController(IHubContext hubContext) { _hubContext = hubContext; } [HttpGet("Welcome")] public async Task> Welcome() { await _hubContext.Clients.All.SendAsync("ReceivePublicMsg", "欢迎"); return new ResultDataModel(true); } }} 至此，感谢关注！！
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